JERUSALEM TEMPLE

And

TEMPLE MOUNT HISTORY

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FeastsOfTheLord.Net

The Feast of Tabernacles is the seventh and last of the “Feasts of the Lord” described in Leviticus 23.  These 7 Feasts outline God’s redemptive plan for mankind, and are essentially God’s calendar of redeeming grace through His “Appointed Times” for mankind, to preserve the holy elect for Himself.  The history of sacrificial offerings practiced during the feasts have their initial origins with Abraham on Mount Moriah.  They were codified by Moses with the “Wilderness Tabernacle” until Solomon’s Temple was built on Mount Moriah in Jerusalem.  It was destroyed by the Babylonians. in 606 B.C.  There were also visions of the temple given first to Ezekiel at the time of the Babylian exile. The temple was later rebuilt by Zerubbabel as the Second Temple.  In the first century B.C., the Maccabeans celebrated a delayed Feast of Tabernacles as a rededication of the Temple, aka Hanukkah.  The temple was reconstructed and expanded by King Herod, but was ultimately destroyed by the Romans in 70 A.D.    A heavenly Temple was shown to the apostle John in a vision as recorded in Revelation.

Mount Moriah is identified in Genesis 22:1-18 as the area where Abraham obediently offered up his son for sacrifice in approximately 2,000 BC.  God provided Himself a ram for an atonement sacrificial offering, which also symbolized God providing His only son Jesus for the forgiveness of sins.  This mount was later to become the Temple Mount some 1,000 years later, the site of Solomon’s temple.

Following the Hebrew ‘Exodus’ led by Moses from Egypt in approximately 1450 BC, God established the “Wilderness Tabernacle” as a place of His presence to dwell with His “Elect” / Chosen to carry out His Redemptive plan for mankind as given to Moses, and as outlined in Leviticus 23 by the 7 Feasts.

See Feast of Tabernacles website:http://www.feastsofthelord.net/feastoftabernacles/

The 1^st Temple was built by Solomon between the years of 966 and 960 B.C.  It was ultimately destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 B.C.

The 2^nd Temple was built under the supervision of Zerubbabel between 536 and 516 B.C., to rebuild the spiritual house of God; which was expanded by King Herod starting in 20 B.C.  This temple too was destroyed, this time by the Romans in 70 A.D.

It should be noted that many have mistaken Herod’s temple as having been a third temple.  But Herod’s project was one of reconstruction, expanding the already-existing temple built by Zerubbabel.

Others consider Ezekiel’s vision of a temple as a 3^rd Temple that might possibly be built at the ‘End of the Age’;  see Ezekiel chapter 40 for a physical description of a  temple mount structures.  However, this vision in 574 B.C. appears to describe the future Zerubbabel Temple built in 516 B.C.  which was reconstructed by King Herod between 20 B.C. to 70 A.D.

Ezekiel also seems to describe Jesus as the Prince Who entered in by way of the East Gate, Who then left by way of the same East Gate, and Who will return as He had left.  During this time the East Gate will remain shut until His Return (Ezek. 45:17-46:17; Acts 1).   Then Ezekiel describes a vision of the heavenly temple, as seen by John in Rev. 21-22 (see Ezekiel chapter 47); "...and the Name of the city from that day shall be "the Lord is there" Ezek. 48:35.

See discussion below and East Gate references at: http://www.feastsofthelord.net/id11.html

King Solomon's Temple:

967 BC - 960 BC    (Construction Period)

960 BC - 586 BC    (374 Years of Worship until Destroyed)

About 1000 B.C. King David wanted to build a great Temple for God as a permanent resting place for the Ark of the Covenant, but he was not permitted to build the Temple because he had been a warrior. The task was to fall to a man of peace, his son Solomon.  The crowning achievement of King Solomon’s reign was the construction of the first magnificent Temple (Beit ha-Midkash) in Jerusalem on Mount Moriah, where God had led Abraham with his son Isaac in obedience to His command (Genesis 22) and where a millennium later Jesus would be crucified.

The Bible's description of Solomon's Temple indicates that the inside ceiling was 180 cubits long, 90 cubits wide, and 50 cubits high (150 x 75 x 45 feet). Temple that King Solomon built was made of limestone quarried near Jerusalem.  The stone walls were covered with paneling of cedar from Lebanon.

The Temple consisted of 3 sections: the porch (Ulam), the Holy Place (Hekhal), and the Holy of Holies (Devir).  At the entrance to the Holy Place stood 2 pillars, called Jachin (meaning ‘He establishes’) & Boaz (i.e. ‘in Him is strength’) (1 Kg. 7:15-22).  The doors of cypress were ornately carved with cherubim, palm trees & open flowers, inlaid with gold (I Kg. 6:18,32,35).  The sides and rear of the temple contained a structure of 3-storied storage rooms.  In one room called the Chamber of Secrets, the devout placed their gifts in secret, which were also distributed in secret to the poor. The second room was named the Chamber of Utensils.  This room was a room for storing gifts designated for the poor, from which distribution was made every 30 days.  The third room was a vaulted Chamber of the Hearth.  Here the eldest sons could stay and young priests slept with the keys of the Temple Court in their custody. A fired burned continuously there to keep the occupants warm.

Solomon's Temple was not a large structure, it measured only 75 feet wide, 150 feet long and 45 feet high (50 x 150 x 30 Cubits at 18” per cubit per 1 Kings chapter 7).  Nevertheless, this temple commanded attention as it stood there on its nine foot high platform atop Mount Moriah.  1 Kings 6:1-38 tells how King Solomon built the Temple: details of the building are given in this chapter and chapter 7 (see Description section below), and its dedication by Solomon is described in chapter 8.

Solomon initiated an extensive building program, between 966 BC and 960 BC that included his palace, the temple and the extension of the city walls (2 Chronicles 2 & 3).  His development of the areas north of David’s city, including Mount Moriah, increased the area of Jerusalem from eleven to thirty-two acres and provided the additional space required for constructing his temple.

      The beauty of Solomon's temple was not in its size, but in its magnificent details. In the court area outside stood the huge "sea" made of brass that held "two thousand baths" (1 Kings 7:26), or an estimated 10,000 gallons. This massive pool of water was about fifteen feet in diameter and seven and a half feet high. This "sea" was set atop the backs of twelve brass bulls that faced out in all four directions. It was used for the ceremonial cleansing of the priests. There were ten lavers of brass, five on each side of the "sea". These were used to wash the offerings before they were brought to the altar for burning. The brass altar of burnt offering, was near the "sea", (II Chron. 4:1) and it served as the central place for public ceremony. That altar is believed to have stood on the rock that is today enclosed by the Dome of the Rock Mosque on the Temple Mount.

      Ten steps led up to the temple's entrance, which was framed on either side by a free-standing brass pillar. Each pillar was a massive 18 feet in circumference and 27 feet high. These two columns were adorned with lilies and palms, and were crowned with brass capitals engraved with lilies and hundreds of pomegranates. (1 Kings 7: 19-20). The temple doors were made of cypress, which were carved and inlaid with gold cherubim, flowers and palm trees. Behind the doors was the vestibule, or Ulam. It served as the entrance to the Holy Place, or Hekhal. Cedar paneling with gold inlaid designs of flowers and gourds covered the walls inside. Boards of fir were laid on the temple floors. Although high, narrow windows provided the light by day, one gold lampstand was lit in the daytime. Ten gold lampstands provided the lighting in the temple by night. There were also twelve tables for the twelve loaves of showbread in the Holy Place. This grand hall was 60 cubits (90 ft)in length, and led to the Holy of Holies, or Devir. The Holy of Holies was a 30 cubits (45 ft.), plated completely in gold, with an incense altar near its entrance. (1 Kings 7:48) There were no windows in the Holy of Holies, for it was the holiest place in Israel, and was also the most unapproachable. It was here that the Ark of the Covenant was kept, within it, the tablets given to Israel by Moses. It was here that the "Shekinah" of God was believed to dwell. Only the high priest could enter inside the Holy of Holies, and then only on the Day of Atonement to sprinkle the sacrificial blood on the mercy seat for the forgiveness of the sins of the people.   

 Construction of the Temple was completed in 960 BC in the 8^th month of the biblical year.  King Solomon then dedicated it 11 months later in 959 BC at the Feast of Tabernacles.

2 Chron. 5:3  Solomon dedicates the temple at the Feast of Tabernacles

2 Chron. 7:1-3 God transfers His Shekinah glory from the Tabernacle to Solomon’s temple.

Solomon inaugurated the temple with prayer and sacrifice, and even inviting non­-Jews to come and pray there. He urged God to pay particular heed to their prayers: "Thus all the peoples of the earth will know Your name and revere You, as does Your people Israel; and they will recognize that Your name is attached to this House that I have built" (I Kings 8:43).

In 606 BC the 10 northern tribes were taken captive into exile bythe Babylonians. 

The Temple was destroyed 20 years later during the capture and exile of Judea by the Babylonians in 586 B.C.  50 years later Zerubbabel started the reconstruction of the temple and the return to Israel.

Zerubbabel's 2nd Temple:  516 BC to 70 AD

536 - 516 BC        Reconstruction Period  

20 BC to 70 AD    Herod’s Reconstruction /

                             Expansion of the Temple

In 538 B.C. Cyrus the Great conquered Palestine, then unexpectedly told the Jews they could return to their homeland (an event revealed by God to Isaiah 160 years earlier).  While he was probably motivated primarily by the desire to have someone else rebuild Palestine and to make it a source of income for the Persian Empire, the impact on the Jews reinvigorated their faith.

By 516 B.C., a smaller Temple was built on the same site, and the sacrifices resumed.  The construction of the Temple, led by Zerubbabel & Ezra the scribe was initiated in 536 BC and completed 20 years later in 516 BC, exactly 70 years after it was destroyed.

Zerubbabel's temple was finished in 516 B.C.; exactly 70 years after it had been destroyed upon the captivity of Judea in 586 BC  They rebuilt the temple, although on a much smaller scale than Solomon’s temple (Ezra 3:8-13).  Although this new temple was roughly the same size as first (Solomon’s) temple, there were differences. The courtyard outside of this temple was divided into a Court of Women, and a Court of Men.

            Although Zerubbabel's temple was modest in comparison to Solomon's, it was an extremely important structure in the religious life of the faithful Jews of those days. Once again, the Jews had become established in their land. The Jewish faithful grew in numbers.

According to Ezra chapters 1-10, Ezra was commissioned to rebuild the spiritual condition of the people who had been delivered from bondage.  The physical restoration of the temple was guided by Zerubbabel; while the spiritual reformation was guided by Ezra.  Ezra was instructed to guide the Jews to return to Jerusalem and “rebuild the house of God”, See http://www.feastsofthelord.net/id134.html

In the 1^st year of his reign, Cyrus made a proclamation charging Zerubbabel to return to Jerusalem to build the house of his God.  In the 7^th month, Zerubbabel & Jeshua the priest built the altar to observe the Feast of Tabernacles, “but the foundation of the temple of the Lord was not yet laid” (3:6).  Then in the 2^nd month of the 2^nd year of their return to Jerusalem to rebuild the house of God (3:8), they set forth the work to build the house of the Lord (3:8, 9, 10, 11, 12), and the foundation of the house of the Lord was completed.

Work on the house of God ceased until the 2^nd year of the reign of King Darius (4:24).  Then Zerubbabel arose to rebuild the house of God at Jerusalem (5:2).  He showed King Darius the original decree of King Cyrus to rebuild the house of God that was not yet finished (5:13, 16).  King Darius issued a decree to search for the records and found that in the 1^st year of Cyrus, a decree had been made concerning the house of God at Jerusalem, authorizing that it be built (6:1-3). 

So the temple was rebuilt and finished according to the commands of Cyrus, Darius & Artexerxes.  It was completed in the month of Adar in the 6th year of the reign of Darius, i.e. 516 B.C. (6:14-15).  So they kept the Feast of Passover and Unleavened Bread on the 14^th day of Nissan. (Ezra chapters 4-6)

Ezra leads the people to repopulate Jerusalem and restore worship in the house of God, 457 B.C. (Ezra Chapter 7).  Note: The book of Ezra contains 20 references to rebuilding the Temple / “House of God”, and zero references to the “rebuilding of Jerusalem; Chapter 1-6 (536-516 B.C.)  

Conversely, the book of Nehemiah has zero references to rebuilding the Temple, but includes 8 references to the rebuilding of Jerusalem.  In Neh. 2:1,8  Nehemiah receives his commission from King Artexerxes in 445 BC “to rebuild the walls and streets of the city of Jerusalem; because it still lay wasted”.

See also: http://www.feastsofthelord.net/id134.html

For more on God’s Prophecy through Daniel to rebuild Jerusalem:

See Dan. Chapters 8-12  website: http://www.feastsofthelord.net/daniel70/

The Temple in the Maccabbean Period

In 332 B.C. Alexander the Great swept through the Middle East, became Palestine's ruler and introduced Greek culture and ideals, i.e. Hellenism. Though many Jews had been seduced by the virtues of Hellenism, the extreme measures adopted over the years helped unite the people.  

Antiochus IV was of the lineage of the Seleucid empire; he was the little horn, Daniel 12, foreshadowing the antichrist as noted in Daniel 8-12, (see http://www.feastsofthelord.net/id116.html). When he tried to make a sacrifice to a pagan god in the temple, the Jews rose up against this abomination in 167 B.C. in support of Mattathias and his five sons and fought for their liberation.

The family of Mattathias became known as the Maccabees, from the Hebrew word for "hammer," because they were said to strike hammer blows against their enemies. The family is more commonly known as the Hasmoneans.  The Maccabees recaptured the temple c.165 BC.  The Feast of Tabernacles, delayed 75 days due to the fighting, was celebrated as the Festival of Hanukkah, or Festival of Lights, as a rededication of the temple.  

See 2 Chron. 5:13; 7:1-9, 16 and institution of

Hanukkah:  http://www.feastsofthelord.net/id138.html

The last Jewish kingdom survived only 76 years, for the grandsons of the Maccabees who had won Jewish independence lost it in large part because of their jealousy and greed.  After three years of fighting, Herod's Roman-backed army took control of Jerusalem and the rest of Judea from the Jews in 63 B.C.

Herod's Expansion of the 2^nd Temple

(20 B.C. to 70 A.D.)

The most significant of Herod's projects, the rebuilding of Zerubbabel’s Second Temple, took 10,000 people and 1000 priests many years to complete. The original Temple of King Solomon was a relatively small building on top of a platform on Mount Moriah.

Herod’s reconstruction doubled the area of the Temple Mount and surrounded it with four massive retaining walls. The wall on the west is the longest, about 1600 feet (485 meters), and includes the Jewish area of prayer known as the Kotel or Western Wall.  Herod also greatly enlarged and expanded the Temple during the 1^st century B.C.   Inspiring images of the temple can be seen at:

http://www.feastsofthelord.net/id121.html

      Herod reconstructed the Second Temple (enlarging and refurbishing Zerubbabel’s temple) on the site of Solomon’s temple, enlarging the surface area of the Temple Mount to some twenty acres.

In the days of Herod the Great, Zerubbabel's temple was replaced with a larger, more impressive temple complex which was built atop a massive stone platform - the Temple Mount. Herod had been declared king of the Jews by the Roman Senate. This king had been busy rebuilding many cities and structures in his domain, for his own glory. Herod considered a new temple in the capital city of Jerusalem to be his crowning achievement. Although the actual temple building was about the size of its predecessors, the whole Temple Mount was twice as large as that of the previous temple. The building site had to be enlarged, then raised with fill and leveled. The site was supported underground by arches placed inside a cavern. This underground area is known today as Solomon's Stables. Retaining walls were built around the entire Temple Mount site to hold in the fill. The "Wailing Wall" is a section of this retaining wall, and it stands today as a monument to that third temple; although still referred to as part of the second temple period.
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     Although construction began around 20 B.C, the temple with all of its surrounding courts, was not completely finished until 64 A.D. A high wall encompassed the temple, and its courts. Entrance to the Temple Mount was made through gates, located on each wall. Porches ran around the inside of the outer walls. After the porches came four, successive courts, each with its own wall, each progressively more restricted. The first was the Court of the Gentiles, which was not considered to be holy ground. But, it was here that Christ chased out the money changers, cleansing the temple, because of the zeal He had for his father's house. (John 2:13-17) The next level was considered to be holy ground, and it contained the Court of Women, where the money offerings were given. This is where Jesus gathered His disciples, and explained that the poor widow "cast more in, than all they which have cast into the treasury." (Mark 12: 43b) Above it stood the Court of Israel, where only the men of Israel were allowed. The men of Israel watched the offerings of sacrifice from this court. Above it was the Court of Priests with its laver for cleansing and its altar for the burnt offering.

      The temple building stood above the Court of the Priests. Herod had constructed the temple in sections, gradually replacing the older temple, so that the temple services would not be disrupted. The temple was built of white marble, with its eastern front plated with gold. It too had curtains separating the vestibule, the Holy Place and the Holy of Holies. We know from the Scriptures, that the veil of this temple was "rent in twain from the top to the bottom" when Christ was crucified. ( Matthew 28: 51). Access to the living God was now within the grasp of not only the High Priest, but those who served in the Court of the Priests, and those who gathered in the Court of Israel, those who came to the Court of Women, and even those 'strangers' in the Court of the Gentiles.

In 66 A.D., after the Roman procurator Florus provoked the Jews through a variety of activities that ranged from stealing silver from the Temple to desecrating the vestments of the High Priest, the Zealots started a revolt. The Jews initially succeeded, routing Roman armies in Jerusalem.  Soon however, the Romans returned with a larger force. The Jews hoped to hold off the Romans in fortified Jerusalem, but they began a fratricidal battle in which the Zealots murdered Jewish leaders who refused to go along with their rebellion. The Romans laid siege to the city, overwhelmed the remaining defenders and destroyed the Second Temple. Some of the Zealots escaped and made their last stand at Masada. The Second Temple was destroyed by the Romans in 70 A.D., just as Jesus had prophesied (Luke 19:44).  The destruction of the Temple is still mourned annually as the Jewish fast Tisha B'Av.

The Romans’ destruction of Herod’s reconstructed Temple (40 years from time Jesus started His ministry) all sacrifices in 70 AD.  In Jewish worship there was a change to works (mitzvot) rather than blood sacrifice, based upon Hosea 6:6 (“I desire mercy, not sacrifice”) and Micah 6:8;  “What does the Lord require of thee, but to do justly, love mercy & walk humbly before your God”.

The Passover lamb was no longer possible; so it was substituted by the lamb shank bone afikomen - this is the only Greek word in the Jewish Seder, meaning “He came or what is to come” … God’s ‘hint’!.  Not only was the Temple destroyed, but perhaps as many as one million Jews were killed and many survivors enslaved.  After the suppression of the Jewish revolt, relative calm settled on the Holy Land for nearly 60 years.

The Emperor Hadrian (76-138 AD) had even talked at one point of rebuilding the Temple. He did build a temple, but it was in honor of Jupiter rather than God.  He also renamed Jerusalem ‘Aelia Capitolina’ and made it a Roman city.  Later, his temple of Jupiter was destroyed at Constantine’s direction, who despised the place and made it a dump.  This insult, along with other indignities provoked yet another rebellion beginning in 132 A.D., this time under the charismatic leadership of Simeon Bar-Kokhba. It took nearly three years for the Romans to pacify the country and, when they were done, c. 600,000 Jews were dead (including Bar-Kokhba) and Judea had been devastated. The Emperor renamed the entire province Syria Palaestina.  Jerusalem became a pagan city that Jews were forbidden to enter and the persecution of Judaism became widespread.  The influence of Christianity began to grow in the region, culminating in 330 A.D. with Emperor Constantine's decision to move the capital of the empire from Rome to the city of Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople (now Istanbul).

It should be noted that many have mistaken Herod’s temple as being a third temple.  But Herod’s project was one of reconstruction, expanding the already-existing temple built by Zerubbabel. Built by Zerubbabel by 516 B.C. and expanded by King Herod, starting in 20 B.C., this temple too was destroyed in 70 A.D.; this time by the Romans as prophesied by Jesus

Luke 19:40-44 (New King James Version)

Verse 40: But He answered and said to them, “I tell you that if these should keep silent, the stones would immediately cry out.”

411  Now as He drew near, He saw the city and wept over it, ⁴² saying, “If you had known, even you, especially in this your day, the things that make for your peace! But now they are hidden from your eyes. ⁴³ For days will come upon you when your enemies will build an embankment around you, surround you and close you in on every side, ⁴⁴ and level you, and your children within you, to the ground; and they will not leave in you one stone upon another, because you did not know the time of your visitation."

Likewise, in response to the apostles’ question as to when would be the ends of the age and the signs of His return, Jesus stated that “Jerusalem shall be trodden down by the Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled.”

See “End of the Age and Signs of Jesus Coming”; a condensed duplicate prophecy in Mth. 24; Luke 21 and Rev. 6 at: http://www.feastsofthelord.net/id34.html

 Ezekiel’s Temple?

Some think of Herod’s reconstruction as the third temple.  Others see Ezekiel’s experience as a 3rd or 4th temple; but both are incorrect.  It should be noted that Ezekiel was given a vision & prophecy; this was not a physically-constructed temple.  Just as Moses and later John were given views of the heavenly reality.

See East Gate references at:

http://www.feastsofthelord.net/id11.html

See Ezekiel chapter 40 for a physical description of a future temple, and temple mount structures.  Ezekiel then states in chapter 43 that he “beheld the glory of God coming from the way of the East … and the glory of the Lord came into the house (of God) by way of the East Gate … and the glory of the Lord filled the house” (43:1-4). 

Then Ezekiel goes on to say in chapter 44:1-3 that “the East Gate will remain shut because the Lord, the God of Israel, has entered in by it, therefore it shall be shut (and is still shut today).  It is for the Prince; the Prince, He shall sit in it to eat bread before the Lord; and He shall enter by the way of the porch of that gate, and shall go out by the way of the same (gate).” 

His vision regarding the Prince and the East Gate continues from Ezekiel 45:17 through chapter 47, all essentially referring to the Prince (Jesus) preparing sacrificial offerings at his First and Second comings. 

NOTE: There is a significant difference between offerings Jesus made at His first coming and those He will offer at His Return. 

At Jesus’ Second Coming He will present burnt offerings and peace offerings which would symbolize praise and commitment to God. These are in contrast to the type of sacrifices offered by the Prince at His First Coming: sin offerings, often referred to as blood sacrifices.  This type of sacrifice was fulfilled by Jesus at His First Coming.

Therefore sacrificial offerings at His Second Coming are only for praise and commitment to God, not blood sacrifices as atonement for sin because "He made atonement once for all" according to the author of Hebrews.

Ezekiel 47:17 references the year of liberty, aka “Year of Jubilee” when all that belongs to God is returned to God, for He is the One and only Owner of all things. 

It is also worth emphasizing that the antichrist’s efforts can only be attempts to hinder or stop 'burnt offerings' in praise and commitment to God, as blood sacrificial offerings are no longer relevant since they were fulfilled by Jesus’ propitiation offering of Himself as “the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world”.

Therefore, when Daniel prophesies (Dan. 9:27) that the antichrist “shall cause the sacrifice and the offering to cease”, it is not referring to blood sacrifices, but rather sacrifices of praise and commitment to God, as stated above.

A heavenly Temple was shown to the apostle John in a vision as recorded in Revelation chapters 20 and 21.

Some consider Ezekiel’s vision of a temple as a 3^rd Temple that might possibly be built at the ‘End of the Age. Reference Ezekiel chapter 40 for a physical description of a temple mount structures.  However, this vision in 574 B.C., 12 years after the destruction of Solomon’s Temple, appears to describe both the future Zerubbabel Temple built in 516 B.C., followed by a prophecy of Jesus 1^st coming, plus a prophetic spiritual temple coinciding with the heavenly temple, as seen by John in Rev. 21-22 (see Ezekiel chapter 47).

Ezekiel describes Jesus as the Prince Who entered in by way of the East Gate, Who then left by way of the same East Gate, and Who will return as He had left.  During this time the East Gate will remain shut until His Return (Ezek. 45:17-46:17; Acts 1). 

Then Ezekiel describes a vision of the heavenly temple, as seen by John in Rev. 21-22 (see Ezekiel chapter 47); "...and the Name of the city from that day shall be "the Lord is there" Ezek. 48:35.

Feasts of the lord.Net

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Per Leviticus 23 &

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FEAST OF TABERNACLES

BIBLICAL EDUCATION  -  A  TEACHER  LESSON  PLAN

7 Feasts Of The Lord per Lev. 23

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